ÿWPCã ®Üó¯î‹F·cŠ>ø;õ¶C]-šÔ ‹ܳuËûÊ? -)4ኮÓøzW=[ìèWš Â^Ä\û„":Ì0„Ôâ@#¹¹æÚÝëÖwõ]íŸ]}Xø‘NA¡yz8‚¾ø¡F–.]‰ˆÇ…Oò¦®²ŠÍ¯Ýµ# l¼Ï×qvMÈ¿ã#qT³­éëïr‰c”’Sb\9y$‘J3Xš]¨›Á EG(¶úÏÇN,4k÷ˆÂÀÕæEUóë[i`Ø2îþ®öhðÒÌOJW¬RçÄ¡h·yƒNXµcGÚ¹ìúà†ÒgDÅó4çr¤9­ˆÖS|Ì m¬cgŸšâ–† ä>ê 1G†3Aèm궠ɉ´P$#gXIý´%Ðt&¾¡£ª+ô2í†Fn†¬žxJdã f@ïOAÖ„Œàæqi>÷‹ãJÊÞÅe`M0k<Ý{FáÐÕð4i¯ÙD¬ù èsÄo#T6™´2õw=oS7°Æj‚”¯øÔ+Áý’}ÏÒkÇõåYf~Ñ%mdíÈЦU6È?ñ=6ò_¯LYÏ?ößb9›«´„ß'ŒN\&ëö¬&´†ÿ&¢«$üH´ïv—Q›p²à÷€ËFY #!¨U·NÉ % 0(EU<>Ew$ƒ4§»Ê m̘HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0xÈhH  Z6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡xÈhH  Z&Times New Roman0ˆD‰ŠD‹ŒDŽDD‘’D“À”•D–À—À˜À™šD›œDžDŸ D¡¢D£¤D¥¦D§¨D©ªD«¬D­®D¯U°{±E²³´Dµ¶D·ÀVQÙ$<‚rdPe3|x·ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý›ò òÔ‡„ɘ„XXÔÓ  ÓInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€RightsÔ#†Xz´X„„ɘ#Ôó óÐ ° ÐÓ>ÓÌ€à0  àAdopted€and€opened€for€signature,€ratification€and€accession€by€General€AssemblyÐ X Ðresolution€¢2200A£€(XXI)€of€16€December€1966€entry€into€force€23€March€1976,€inÏaccordance€with€Article€49€Ð (#(# ÐÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔPreamble€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆÞ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά¿#ÔÐ È  ÐÌ€€€€€The€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant,€ÌÌ€€€€€Considering€that,€in€accordance€with€the€principles€proclaimed€in€the€Charter€of€the€UnitedÏNations,€recognition€of€the€inherent€dignity€and€of€the€equal€and€inalienable€rights€of€allÏmembers€of€the€human€family€is€the€foundation€of€freedom,€justice€and€peace€in€the€world,€ÌÌ€€€€€Recognizing€that€these€rights€derive€from€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person,€ÌÌ€€€€€Recognizing€that,€in€accordance€with€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€the€ideal€ofÏfree€human€beings€enjoying€civil€and€political€freedom€and€freedom€from€fear€and€want€can€onlyÏbe€achieved€if€conditions€are€created€whereby€everyone€may€enjoy€his€civil€and€political€rights,Ïas€well€as€his€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights,€ÌÌ€€€€€Considering€the€obligation€of€States€under€the€Charter€of€the€United€Nations€to€promoteÏuniversal€respect€for,€and€observance€of,€human€rights€and€freedoms,€ÌÌ€€€€€Realizing€that€the€individual,€having€duties€to€other€individuals€and€to€the€community€toÏwhich€he€belongs,€is€under€a€responsibility€to€strive€for€the€promotion€and€observance€of€theÏrights€recognized€in€the€present€Covenant,€ÌÌ€€€€€Agree€upon€the€following€articles:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô‡ ÒJ!XXz´ÔÔ‡ ÒJ!! ÒJÔPART€I€Ô#† ÒJ!! ÒJd#ÔÔ#†Xz´X! ÒJE#ÔÐ p!À ÐÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€1Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Άæ#ԀР¢#ò  ÐÌ€€€€€1.€All€peoples€have€the€right€of€self-determination.€By€virtue€of€that€right€they€freelyÏdetermine€their€political€status€and€freely€pursue€their€economic,€social€and€cultural€development.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€All€peoples€may,€for€their€own€ends,€freely€dispose€of€their€natural€wealth€and€resourcesÏwithout€prejudice€to€any€obligations€arising€out€of€international€economic€co-operation,€basedÏupon€the€principle€of€mutual€benefit,€and€international€law.€In€no€case€may€a€people€be€deprivedÏof€its€own€means€of€subsistence.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€The€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant,€including€those€having€responsibility€for€theÐ *-z(* Ðadministration€of€Non-Self-Governing€and€Trust€Territories,€shall€promote€the€realization€of€theÏright€of€self-determination,€and€shall€respect€that€right,€in€conformity€with€the€provisions€of€theÏCharter€of€the€United€Nations.€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô‡ ÒJ!XXz´ÔÔ‡ ÒJ!! ÒJÔPART€IIÔ#† ÒJ!! ÒJ9 #ÔÔ#†Xz´X! ÒJ #ԀРpÀ ÐÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€2€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Î†Û #ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά¼ #ÔÐ ¢ ò ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Each€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant€undertakes€to€respect€and€to€ensure€to€allÏindividuals€within€its€territory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€the€rights€recognized€in€the€presentÏCovenant,€without€distinction€of€any€kind,€such€as€race,€¢colour£,€sex,€language,€religion,€politicalÏor€other€opinion,€national€or€social€origin,€property,€birth€or€other€status.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Where€not€already€provided€for€by€existing€legislative€or€other€measures,€each€State€PartyÏto€the€present€Covenant€undertakes€to€take€the€necessary€steps,€in€accordance€with€itsÏconstitutional€processes€and€with€the€provisions€of€the€present€Covenant,€to€adopt€such€laws€orÏother€measures€as€may€be€necessary€to€give€effect€to€the€rights€recognized€in€the€presentÏCovenant.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€Each€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant€undertakes:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(a)€To€ensure€that€any€person€whose€rights€or€freedoms€as€herein€recognized€are€violatedÏshall€have€an€effective€remedy,€notwithstanding€that€the€violation€has€been€committed€by€personsÌacting€in€an€official€capacity;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(b)€To€ensure€that€any€person€claiming€such€a€remedy€shall€have€his€right€theretoÏdetermined€by€competent€judicial,€administrative€or€legislative€authorities,€or€by€any€otherÏcompetent€authority€provided€for€by€the€legal€system€of€the€State,€and€to€develop€the€possibilitiesÏof€judicial€remedy;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(c)€To€ensure€that€the€competent€authorities€shall€enforce€such€remedies€when€granted.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€3Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά2#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά#ԀР*#z  ÐÌ€€€€€The€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant€undertake€to€ensure€the€equal€right€of€men€andÏwomen€to€the€enjoyment€of€all€civil€and€political€rights€set€forth€in€the€present€Covenant.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€4Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά“#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Άt#ÔÐ (R#% ÐÌ€€€€€1€.€In€time€of€public€emergency€which€threatens€the€life€of€the€nation€and€the€existence€ofÏwhich€is€officially€proclaimed,€the€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant€may€take€measuresÏderogating€from€their€obligations€under€the€present€Covenant€to€the€extent€strictly€required€by€theÏexigencies€of€the€situation,€provided€that€such€measures€are€not€inconsistent€with€their€otherÏobligations€under€international€law€and€do€not€involve€discrimination€solely€on€the€ground€ofÐ Ê-)+ Ðrace,€¢colour£,€sex,€language,€religion€or€social€origin.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€No€derogation€from€articles€6,€7,€8€(paragraphs€I€and€2),€11,€15,€16€and€18€may€be€madeÏunder€this€provision.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€Any€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant€availing€itself€of€the€right€of€derogation€shallÏimmediately€inform€the€other€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant,€through€the€intermediary€ofÏthe€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations,€of€the€provisions€from€which€it€has€derogated€andÏof€the€reasons€by€which€it€was€actuated.€A€further€communication€shall€be€made,€through€theÏsame€intermediary,€on€the€date€on€which€it€terminates€such€derogation.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€5Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά£#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά„#ԀРP  ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Nothing€in€the€present€Covenant€may€be€interpreted€as€implying€for€any€State,€group€orÏperson€any€right€to€engage€in€any€activity€or€perform€any€act€aimed€at€the€destruction€of€any€ofÏthe€rights€and€freedoms€recognized€herein€or€at€their€limitation€to€a€greater€extent€than€isÏprovided€for€in€the€present€Covenant.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€There€shall€be€no€restriction€upon€or€derogation€from€any€of€the€fundamental€human€rightsÏrecognized€or€existing€in€any€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant€pursuant€to€law,€conventions,Ïregulations€or€custom€on€the€pretext€that€the€present€Covenant€does€not€recognize€such€rights€orÏthat€it€recognizes€them€to€a€lesser€extent.€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô‡ ÒJ!XXz´ÔÔ‡ ÒJ!! ÒJÔPART€IIIÔ#† ÒJ!! ÒJ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X! ÒJé#ÔÐ h¸ ÐÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€6€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άª#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά‹#ÔÐ šê ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Every€human€being€has€the€inherent€right€to€life.€This€right€shall€be€protected€by€law.€NoÏone€shall€be€arbitrarily€deprived€of€his€life.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€In€countries€which€have€not€abolished€the€death€penalty,€sentence€of€death€may€be€imposedÏonly€for€the€most€serious€crimes€in€accordance€with€the€law€in€force€at€the€time€of€theÏcommission€of€the€crime€and€not€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€present€Covenant€and€to€theÏConvention€on€the€Prevention€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€Genocide.€This€penalty€can€onlyÏbe€carried€out€pursuant€to€a€final€judgement€rendered€by€a€competent€court.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€When€deprivation€of€life€constitutes€the€crime€of€genocide,€it€is€understood€that€nothing€inÏthis€article€shall€authorize€any€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant€to€derogate€in€any€way€fromÏany€obligation€assumed€under€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€on€the€Prevention€andÏPunishment€of€the€Crime€of€Genocide.€ÌÌ€€€€€4.€Anyone€sentenced€to€death€shall€have€the€right€to€seek€pardon€or€commutation€of€theÏsentence.€Amnesty,€pardon€or€commutation€of€the€sentence€of€death€may€be€granted€in€all€cases.€ÌÐ ¢-ò(+ Ѐ€€€€5.€Sentence€of€death€shall€not€be€imposed€for€crimes€committed€by€persons€below€eighteenÏyears€of€age€and€shall€not€be€carried€out€on€pregnant€women.€ÌÌ€€€€€6.€Nothing€in€this€article€shall€be€invoked€to€delay€or€to€prevent€the€abolition€of€capitalÏpunishment€by€any€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€7€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άí##ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆÎ##ÔÐ P   ÐÌ€€€€€No€one€shall€be€subjected€to€torture€or€to€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€orÏpunishment.€In€particular,€no€one€shall€be€subjected€without€his€free€consent€to€medical€orÏscientific€experimentation.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€8Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άd%#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆE%#ÔÐ h  ÐÌ€€€€€1.€No€one€shall€be€held€in€slavery;€slavery€and€the€slave-trade€in€all€their€forms€shall€beÏprohibited.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€No€one€shall€be€held€in€servitude.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.Ì€€€€€€€€€€(a)€No€one€shall€be€required€to€perform€forced€or€compulsory€¢labour£;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(b)€Paragraph€3€(a)€shall€not€be€held€to€preclude,€in€countries€where€imprisonment€withÏhard€¢labour£€may€be€imposed€as€a€punishment€for€a€crime,€the€performance€of€hard€¢labour£€inÌpursuance€of€a€sentence€to€such€punishment€by€a€competent€court;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(c)€For€the€purpose€of€this€paragraph€the€term€"forced€or€compulsory€¢labour£"€shall€notÏinclude:€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(¢i£)€Any€work€or€service,€not€referred€to€in€subparagraph€(b),€normally€required€of€aÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€person€who€is€under€detention€in€consequence€of€a€lawful€order€of€a€court,€or€of€aÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€person€during€conditional€release€from€such€detention;ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(ii)€Any€service€of€a€military€character€and,€in€countries€where€conscientiousÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€objection€is€recognized,€any€national€service€required€by€law€of€conscientiousÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€objectors;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(iii)€Any€service€exacted€in€cases€of€emergency€or€calamity€threatening€the€life€orÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€well-being€of€the€community;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(iv)€Any€work€or€service€which€forms€part€of€normal€civil€obligations.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€9Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά>+#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά+#ԀРp+À&) ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Everyone€has€the€right€to€liberty€and€security€of€person.€No€one€shall€be€subjected€toÐ x-È(+ Ðarbitrary€arrest€or€detention.€No€one€shall€be€deprived€of€his€liberty€except€on€such€grounds€andÏin€accordance€with€such€procedure€as€are€established€by€law.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Anyone€who€is€arrested€shall€be€informed,€at€the€time€of€arrest,€of€the€reasons€for€his€arrestÏand€shall€be€promptly€informed€of€any€charges€against€him.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€Anyone€arrested€or€detained€on€a€criminal€charge€shall€be€brought€promptly€before€a€judgeÏor€other€officer€authorized€by€law€to€exercise€judicial€power€and€shall€be€entitled€to€trial€within€aÏreasonable€time€or€to€release.€It€shall€not€be€the€general€rule€that€persons€awaiting€trial€shall€beÏdetained€in€custody,€but€release€may€be€subject€to€guarantees€to€appear€for€trial,€at€any€otherÏstage€of€the€judicial€proceedings,€and,€should€occasion€arise,€for€execution€of€the€judgement.€ÌÌ€€€€€4.€Anyone€who€is€deprived€of€his€liberty€by€arrest€or€detention€shall€be€entitled€to€takeÏproceedings€before€a€court,€in€order€that€court€may€decide€without€delay€on€the€lawfulness€of€hisÏdetention€and€order€his€release€if€the€detention€is€not€lawful.€ÌÌ€€€€€5.€Anyone€who€has€been€the€victim€of€unlawful€arrest€or€detention€shall€have€an€enforceableÏright€to€compensation.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€10Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά1#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Άæ0#ԀР€Ð ÐÌ€€€€€1.€All€persons€deprived€of€their€liberty€shall€be€treated€with€humanity€and€with€respect€for€theÏinherent€dignity€of€the€human€person.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Ì€€€€€€€€€€(a)€Accused€persons€shall,€save€in€exceptional€circumstances,€be€segregated€fromÏconvicted€persons€and€shall€be€subject€to€separate€treatment€appropriate€to€their€status€asÏ¢unconvicted£€persons;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(b)€Accused€juvenile€persons€shall€be€separated€from€adults€and€brought€as€speedily€asÏpossible€for€adjudication.€3.€The€penitentiary€system€shall€comprise€treatment€of€prisoners€theÏessential€aim€of€which€shall€be€their€reformation€and€social€rehabilitation.€Juvenile€offendersÏshall€be€segregated€from€adults€and€be€accorded€treatment€appropriate€to€their€age€and€legalÏstatus.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€11Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά™4#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Άz4#ԀР¨%ø # ÐÌ€€€€€No€one€shall€be€imprisoned€merely€on€the€ground€of€inability€to€fulfil€a€contractual€obligation.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€12Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά¦5#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά‡5#ԀР)à$' ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Everyone€lawfully€within€the€territory€of€a€State€shall,€within€that€territory,€have€the€right€toÏliberty€of€movement€and€freedom€to€choose€his€residence.€ÌÐ x-È(+ Ѐ€€€€2.€Everyone€shall€be€free€to€leave€any€country,€including€his€own.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€The€above-mentioned€rights€shall€not€be€subject€to€any€restrictions€except€those€which€areÏprovided€by€law,€are€necessary€to€protect€national€security,€public€order€(¢ordre£€public),€publicÏhealth€or€morals€or€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€others,€and€are€consistent€with€the€other€rightsÏrecognized€in€the€present€Covenant.€ÌÌ€€€€€4.€No€one€shall€be€arbitrarily€deprived€of€the€right€to€enter€his€own€country.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€13Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άð8#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆÑ8#ԀР p  ÐÌ€€€€€An€alien€lawfully€in€the€territory€of€a€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant€may€be€expelledÏtherefrom€only€in€pursuance€of€a€decision€reached€in€accordance€with€law€and€shall,€exceptÏwhere€compelling€reasons€of€national€security€otherwise€require,€be€allowed€to€submit€theÏreasons€against€his€expulsion€and€to€have€his€case€reviewed€by,€and€be€represented€for€theÏpurpose€before,€the€competent€authority€or€a€person€or€persons€especially€designated€by€theÏcompetent€authority.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€14Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άy;#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆZ;#ԀР¸ ÐÌ€€€€€1.€All€persons€shall€be€equal€before€the€courts€and€tribunals.€In€the€determination€of€anyÏcriminal€charge€against€him,€or€of€his€rights€and€obligations€in€a€suit€at€law,€everyone€shall€beÏentitled€to€a€fair€and€public€hearing€by€a€competent,€independent€and€impartial€tribunalÏestablished€by€law.€The€press€and€the€public€may€be€excluded€from€all€or€part€of€a€trial€forÏreasons€of€morals,€public€order€(¢ordre£€public)€or€national€security€in€a€democratic€society,€orÏwhen€the€interest€of€the€private€lives€of€the€parties€so€requires,€or€to€the€extent€strictly€€necessaryÏin€the€opinion€of€the€court€in€special€circumstances€where€publicity€would€prejudice€the€interestsÏof€justice;€but€any€judgement€rendered€in€a€criminal€case€or€in€a€suit€at€law€shall€be€made€publicÏexcept€where€the€interest€of€juvenile€persons€otherwise€requires€or€the€proceedings€concernÏmatrimonial€disputes€or€the€guardianship€of€children.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Everyone€charged€with€a€criminal€offence€shall€have€the€right€to€be€presumed€innocentÏuntil€proved€guilty€according€to€law.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€In€the€determination€of€any€criminal€charge€against€him,€everyone€shall€be€entitled€to€theÏfollowing€minimum€guarantees,€in€full€equality:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(a)€To€be€informed€promptly€and€in€detail€in€a€language€which€he€understands€of€the€natureÏand€cause€of€the€charge€against€him;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(b)€To€have€adequate€time€and€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€his€¢defence£€and€toÏcommunicate€with€counsel€of€his€own€choosing;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(c)€To€be€tried€without€undue€delay;€Ð P- (+ Ї€€€€€€€€€€(d)€To€be€tried€in€his€presence,€and€to€defend€himself€in€person€or€through€legal€assistanceÏof€his€own€choosing;€to€be€informed,€if€he€does€not€have€legal€assistance,€of€this€right;€and€toÏhave€legal€assistance€assigned€to€him,€in€any€case€where€the€interests€of€justice€so€require,€andÏwithout€payment€by€him€in€any€such€case€if€he€does€not€have€sufficient€means€to€pay€for€it;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(e)€To€examine,€or€have€examined,€the€witnesses€against€him€and€to€obtain€the€attendanceÏand€examination€of€witnesses€on€his€behalf€under€the€same€conditions€as€witnesses€against€him;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(f)€To€have€the€free€assistance€of€an€interpreter€if€he€cannot€understand€or€speak€theÏlanguage€used€in€court;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(g)€Not€to€be€compelled€to€testify€against€himself€or€to€confess€guilt.€ÌÌ€€€€€4.€In€the€case€of€juvenile€persons,€the€procedure€shall€be€such€as€will€take€account€of€their€ageÏand€the€desirability€of€promoting€their€rehabilitation.€ÌÌ€€€€€5.€Everyone€convicted€of€a€crime€shall€have€the€right€to€his€conviction€and€sentence€beingÏreviewed€by€a€higher€tribunal€according€to€law.€ÌÌ€€€€€6.€When€a€person€has€by€a€final€decision€been€convicted€of€a€criminal€offence€and€whenÏsubsequently€his€conviction€has€been€reversed€or€he€has€been€pardoned€on€the€ground€that€a€newÏor€newly€discovered€fact€shows€conclusively€that€there€has€been€a€miscarriage€of€justice,€theÏperson€who€has€suffered€punishment€as€a€result€of€such€conviction€shall€be€compensatedÏaccording€to€law,€unless€it€is€proved€that€the€non-disclosure€of€the€unknown€fact€in€time€isÏwholly€or€partly€attributable€to€him.€ÌÌ€€€€€7.€No€one€shall€be€liable€to€be€tried€or€punished€again€for€an€offence€for€which€he€has€alreadyÏbeen€finally€convicted€or€acquitted€in€accordance€with€the€law€and€penal€procedure€of€eachÏcountry.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€15Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆCI#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά$I#ԀРР ÐÌ€€€€€1€.€No€one€shall€be€held€guilty€of€any€criminal€offence€on€account€of€any€act€or€omissionÏwhich€did€not€constitute€a€criminal€offence,€under€national€or€international€law,€at€the€time€whenÏit€was€committed.€Nor€shall€a€heavier€penalty€be€imposed€than€the€one€that€was€applicable€at€theÏtime€when€the€criminal€offence€was€committed.€If,€subsequent€to€the€commission€of€the€offence,Ïprovision€is€made€by€law€for€the€imposition€of€the€lighter€penalty,€the€offender€shall€benefitÏthereby.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Nothing€in€this€article€shall€prejudice€the€trial€and€punishment€of€any€person€for€any€act€orÏomission€which,€at€the€time€when€it€was€committed,€was€criminal€according€to€the€generalÏprinciples€of€law€recognized€by€the€community€of€nations.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€16€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆÏL#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά°L#ÔÐ (-x(+ Ї€€€€€Everyone€shall€have€the€right€to€recognition€everywhere€as€a€person€before€the€law.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€17Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆÏM#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά°M#ԀРà ÐÌ€€€€€1.€No€one€shall€be€subjected€to€arbitrary€or€unlawful€interference€with€his€privacy,€family,Ïhome€or€correspondence,€nor€to€unlawful€attacks€on€his€¢honour£€and€reputation.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Everyone€has€the€right€to€the€protection€of€the€law€against€such€interference€or€attacks.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€18Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆŒO#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆmO#ԀРH ˜  ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Everyone€shall€have€the€right€to€freedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religion.€This€rightÏshall€include€freedom€to€have€or€to€adopt€a€religion€or€belief€of€his€choice,€and€freedom,€eitherÏindividually€or€in€community€with€others€and€in€public€or€private,€to€manifest€his€religion€orÏbelief€in€worship,€observance,€practice€and€teaching.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€No€one€shall€be€subject€to€coercion€which€would€impair€his€freedom€to€have€or€to€adopt€aÏreligion€or€belief€of€his€choice.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€Freedom€to€manifest€one's€religion€or€beliefs€may€be€subject€only€to€such€limitations€as€areÏprescribed€by€law€and€are€necessary€to€protect€public€safety,€order,€health,€or€morals€or€theÏfundamental€rights€and€freedoms€of€others.€ÌÌ€€€€€4.€The€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant€undertake€to€have€respect€for€the€liberty€ofÌparents€and,€when€applicable,€legal€guardians€to€ensure€the€religious€and€moral€education€of€theirÏchildren€in€conformity€with€their€own€convictions.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€19Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆøS#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆÙS#ԀРP  ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Everyone€shall€have€the€right€to€hold€opinions€without€interference.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Everyone€shall€have€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression;€this€right€shall€include€freedom€toÏseek,€receive€and€impart€information€and€ideas€of€all€kinds,€regardless€of€frontiers,€either€orally,Ïin€writing€or€in€print,€in€the€form€of€art,€or€through€any€other€media€of€his€choice.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€The€exercise€of€the€rights€provided€for€in€paragraph€2€of€this€article€carries€with€it€specialÏduties€and€responsibilities.€It€may€therefore€be€subject€to€certain€restrictions,€but€these€shall€onlyÏbe€such€as€are€provided€by€law€and€are€necessary:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(a)€For€respect€of€the€rights€or€reputations€of€others;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(b)€For€the€protection€of€national€security€or€of€public€order€(¢ordre£€public),€or€of€publicÏhealth€or€morals.€ÌÐ x-È(+ ÐÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€20Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆãW#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆÄW#ԀР° ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Any€propaganda€for€war€shall€be€prohibited€by€law.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Any€advocacy€of€national,€racial€or€religious€hatred€that€constitutes€incitement€toÏdiscrimination,€hostility€or€violence€shall€be€prohibited€by€law.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€21Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆeY#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆFY#ԀРh ¸ ÐÌ€€€€€The€right€of€peaceful€assembly€shall€be€recognized.€No€restrictions€may€be€placed€on€theÏexercise€of€this€right€other€than€those€imposed€in€conformity€with€the€law€and€which€areÏnecessary€in€a€democratic€society€in€the€interests€of€national€security€or€public€safety,€publicÏorder€(¢ordre£€public),€the€protection€of€public€health€or€morals€or€the€protection€of€the€rights€andÏfreedoms€of€others.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€22Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άž[#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά[#ԀР` ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Everyone€shall€have€the€right€to€freedom€of€association€with€others,€including€the€right€toÏform€and€join€trade€unions€for€the€protection€of€his€interests.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€No€restrictions€may€be€placed€on€the€exercise€of€this€right€other€than€those€which€areÏprescribed€by€law€and€which€are€necessary€in€a€democratic€society€in€the€interests€of€nationalÏsecurity€or€public€safety,€public€order€(¢ordre£€public),€the€protection€of€public€health€or€morals€orÏthe€protection€of€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€others.€This€article€shall€not€prevent€the€impositionÏof€lawful€restrictions€on€members€of€the€armed€forces€and€of€the€police€in€their€exercise€of€thisÏright.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€Nothing€in€this€article€shall€authorize€States€Parties€to€the€International€¢Labour£Ï¢Organisation£€Convention€of€1948€concerning€Freedom€of€Association€and€Protection€of€theÏRight€to€Organize€to€take€legislative€measures€which€would€prejudice,€or€to€apply€the€law€in€suchÏa€manner€as€to€prejudice,€the€guarantees€provided€for€in€that€Convention.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€23Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆA`#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά"`#ԀР(#x  ÐÌ€€€€€1.€The€family€is€the€natural€and€fundamental€group€unit€of€society€and€is€entitled€to€protectionÏby€society€and€the€State.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€The€right€of€men€and€women€of€marriageable€age€to€marry€and€to€found€a€family€shall€beÏrecognized.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€No€marriage€shall€be€entered€into€without€the€free€and€full€consent€of€the€intending€spouses.€ÌÌ€€€€€4.€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant€shall€take€appropriate€steps€to€ensure€equality€ofÏrights€and€responsibilities€of€spouses€as€to€marriage,€during€marriage€and€at€its€dissolution.€In€theÐ  -ð(+ Ðcase€of€dissolution,€€provision€shall€be€made€for€the€necessary€protection€of€any€children.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€24Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άwc#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆXc#ԀРà ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Every€child€shall€have,€without€any€discrimination€as€to€race,€¢colour£,€sex,€language,Ïreligion,€national€or€social€origin,€property€or€birth,€the€right€to€such€measures€of€protection€asÏare€required€by€his€status€as€a€minor,€on€the€part€of€his€family,€society€and€the€State.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Every€child€shall€be€registered€immediately€after€birth€and€shall€have€a€name.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€Every€child€has€the€right€to€acquire€a€nationality.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€25Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆÒe#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά³e#ԀРh  ÐÌ€€€€€Every€citizen€shall€have€the€right€and€the€opportunity,€without€any€of€the€distinctionsÏmentioned€in€article€2€and€without€unreasonable€restrictions:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(a)€To€take€part€in€the€conduct€of€public€affairs,€directly€or€through€freely€chosenÏrepresentatives;ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(b)€To€vote€and€to€be€elected€at€genuine€periodic€elections€which€shall€be€by€universal€andÏequal€suffrage€and€shall€be€held€by€secret€ballot,€guaranteeing€the€free€expression€of€the€will€ofÏthe€electors;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(c)€To€have€access,€on€general€terms€of€equality,€to€public€service€in€his€country.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€26€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά¾h#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆŸh#ÔÐ `° ÐÌ€€€€€All€persons€are€equal€before€the€law€and€are€entitled€without€any€discrimination€to€the€equalÏprotection€of€the€law.€In€this€respect,€the€law€shall€prohibit€any€discrimination€and€guarantee€toÏall€persons€equal€and€effective€protection€against€discrimination€on€any€ground€such€as€race,Ï¢colour£,€sex,€language,€religion,€political€or€other€opinion,€national€or€social€origin,€property,€birthÏor€other€status.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€27€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άk#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Άåj#ÔÐ %X " ÐÌ€€€€€In€those€States€in€which€ethnic,€religious€or€linguistic€minorities€exist,€persons€belonging€toÏsuch€minorities€shall€not€be€denied€the€right,€in€community€with€the€other€members€of€theirÏgroup,€to€enjoy€their€own€culture,€to€profess€and€¢practise£€their€own€religion,€or€to€use€their€ownÏlanguage.€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô‡ ÒJ!XXz´ÔÔ‡ ÒJ!! ÒJÔPART€IVÔ#† ÒJ!! ÒJm#ÔÔ#†Xz´X! ÒJæl#ԀРÀ+') ÐÐ -R(* ÐÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€28Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά»m#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Άœm#ԀР° ÐÌ€€€€€1.€There€shall€be€established€a€Human€Rights€Committee€(hereafter€referred€to€in€the€presentÏCovenant€as€the€Committee).€It€shall€consist€of€eighteen€members€and€shall€carry€out€theÏfunctions€hereinafter€provided.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€The€Committee€shall€be€composed€of€nationals€of€the€States€Parties€to€the€present€CovenantÏwho€shall€be€persons€of€high€moral€character€and€recognized€competence€in€the€field€of€humanÏrights,€consideration€being€given€to€the€usefulness€of€the€participation€of€some€persons€havingÏlegal€experience.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€The€members€of€the€Committee€shall€be€elected€and€shall€serve€in€their€personal€capacity.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€29Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆÕp#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά¶p#ԀРX  ÐÌ€€€€€1€.€The€members€of€the€Committee€shall€be€elected€by€secret€ballot€from€a€list€of€personsÏpossessing€the€qualifications€prescribed€in€article€28€and€nominated€for€the€purpose€by€the€StatesÏParties€to€the€present€Covenant.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Each€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant€may€nominate€not€more€than€two€persons.€TheseÏpersons€shall€be€nationals€of€the€nominating€State.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€A€person€shall€be€eligible€for€renomination.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€30Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά+s#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά s#ԀР€Ð ÐÌ€€€€€1.€The€initial€election€shall€be€held€no€later€than€six€months€after€the€date€of€the€entry€intoÏforce€of€the€present€Covenant.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€At€least€four€months€before€the€date€of€each€election€to€the€Committee,€other€than€anÏelection€to€fill€a€vacancy€declared€in€accordance€with€article€34,€the€Secretary-General€of€theÏUnited€Nations€shall€address€a€written€invitation€to€the€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant€toÏsubmit€their€nominations€for€membership€of€the€Committee€within€three€months.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€The€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€shall€prepare€a€list€in€alphabetical€order€of€allÏthe€persons€thus€nominated,€with€an€indication€of€the€States€Parties€which€have€nominated€them,Ïand€shall€submit€it€to€the€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant€no€later€than€one€month€beforeÏthe€date€of€each€election.€ÌÌ€€€€€4.€Elections€of€the€members€of€the€Committee€shall€be€held€at€a€meeting€of€the€States€PartiesÏto€the€present€Covenant€convened€by€the€Secretary€General€of€the€United€Nations€at€theÏHeadquarters€of€the€United€Nations.€At€that€meeting,€for€which€two€thirds€of€the€States€Parties€toÏthe€present€Covenant€shall€constitute€a€quorum,€the€persons€elected€to€the€Committee€shall€beÏthose€nominees€who€obtain€the€largest€number€of€votes€and€an€absolute€majority€of€the€votes€ofÐ x-È(+ Ðthe€representatives€of€States€Parties€present€and€voting.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€31Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά5y#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Άy#ԀРà ÐÌ€€€€€1.€The€Committee€may€not€include€more€than€one€national€of€the€same€State.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€In€the€election€of€the€Committee,€consideration€shall€be€given€to€equitable€geographicalÏdistribution€of€membership€and€to€the€representation€of€the€different€forms€of€civilization€and€ofÏthe€principal€legal€systems.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€32€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά{#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Άðz#ÔÐ 8ˆ  ÐÌ€€€€€1.€The€members€of€the€Committee€shall€be€elected€for€a€term€of€four€years.€They€shall€beÏeligible€for€re-election€if€¢renominated£.€However,€the€terms€of€nine€of€the€members€elected€at€theÏfirst€election€shall€expire€at€the€end€of€two€years;€immediately€after€the€first€election,€the€namesÏof€these€nine€members€shall€be€chosen€by€lot€by€the€Chairman€of€the€meeting€referred€to€inÏarticle€30,€paragraph€4.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Elections€at€the€expiry€of€office€shall€be€held€in€accordance€with€the€preceding€articles€ofÏthis€part€of€the€present€Covenant.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€33€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆÛ}#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά¼}#ÔÐ ° ÐÌ€€€€€1.€If,€in€the€unanimous€opinion€of€the€other€members,€a€member€of€the€Committee€has€ceasedÏto€carry€out€his€functions€for€any€cause€other€than€absence€of€a€temporary€character,€theÏChairman€of€the€Committee€shall€notify€the€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations,€who€shallÏthen€declare€the€seat€of€that€member€to€be€vacant.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€In€the€event€of€the€death€or€the€resignation€of€a€member€of€the€Committee,€the€ChairmanÏshall€immediately€notify€the€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations,€who€shall€declare€the€seatÏvacant€from€the€date€of€death€or€the€date€on€which€the€resignation€takes€effect.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€34Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άá€#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά€#ԀР(#x  ÐÌ€€€€€1.€When€a€vacancy€is€declared€in€accordance€with€article€33€and€if€the€term€of€office€of€theÏmember€to€be€replaced€does€not€expire€within€six€months€of€the€declaration€of€the€vacancy,€theÏSecretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€shall€notify€each€of€the€States€Parties€to€the€presentÏCovenant,€which€may€within€two€months€submit€nominations€in€accordance€with€article€29€forÏthe€purpose€of€filling€the€vacancy.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€The€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€shall€prepare€a€list€in€alphabetical€order€of€theÏpersons€thus€nominated€and€shall€submit€it€to€the€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant.€TheÏelection€to€fill€the€vacancy€shall€then€take€place€in€accordance€with€the€relevant€provisions€of€thisÏpart€of€the€present€Covenant.€Ð  -ð(+ Ї€€€€€3.€A€member€of€the€Committee€elected€to€fill€a€vacancy€declared€in€accordance€with€article€33Ïshall€hold€office€for€the€remainder€of€the€term€of€the€member€who€vacated€the€seat€on€theÏCommittee€under€the€provisions€of€that€article.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€35€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άt…#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆU…#ÔÐ pÀ ÐÌ€€€€€The€members€of€the€Committee€shall,€with€the€approval€of€the€General€Assembly€of€theÏUnited€Nations,€receive€emoluments€from€United€Nations€resources€on€such€terms€andÏconditions€as€the€General€Assembly€may€decide,€having€regard€to€the€importance€of€theÏCommittee's€responsibilities.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€36Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά<‡#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά‡#ԀР(x  ÐÌ€€€€€The€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€shall€provide€the€necessary€staff€and€facilitiesÏfor€the€effective€performance€of€the€functions€of€the€Committee€under€the€present€Covenant.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€37Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά¡ˆ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά‚ˆ#ԀРP ÐÌ€€€€€1.€The€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€shall€convene€the€initial€meeting€of€theÏCommittee€at€the€Headquarters€of€the€United€Nations.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€After€its€initial€meeting,€the€Committee€shall€meet€at€such€times€as€shall€be€provided€in€itsÏrules€of€procedure.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€The€Committee€shall€normally€meet€at€the€Headquarters€of€the€United€Nations€or€at€theÏUnited€Nations€Office€at€Geneva.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€38Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά׊#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά¸Š#ԀРxÈ ÐÌ€€€€€Every€member€of€the€Committee€shall,€before€taking€up€his€duties,€make€a€solemn€declarationÏin€open€committee€that€he€will€perform€his€functions€impartially€and€conscientiously.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€39Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά5Œ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆŒ#ԀРP#   ÐÌ€€€€€1.€The€Committee€shall€elect€its€officers€for€a€term€of€two€years.€They€may€be€re-elected.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€The€Committee€shall€establish€its€own€rules€of€procedure,€but€these€rules€shall€provide,Ïinter€alia,€that:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(a)€Twelve€members€shall€constitute€a€quorum;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(b)€Decisions€of€the€Committee€shall€be€made€by€a€majority€vote€of€the€members€present.€Ì̜ԇ¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle›€40Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆPŽ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά1Ž#ԀРÈ-)+ Ї€€€€€1.€The€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant€undertake€to€submit€reports€on€the€measures€theyÏhave€adopted€which€give€effect€to€the€rights€recognized€herein€and€on€the€progress€made€in€theÏenjoyment€of€those€rights:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(a)€Within€one€year€of€the€entry€into€force€of€the€present€Covenant€for€the€States€PartiesÌ€€€€€€€€€€concerned;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(b)€Thereafter€whenever€the€Committee€so€requests.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€All€reports€shall€be€submitted€to€the€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations,€who€shallÏtransmit€them€to€the€Committee€for€consideration.€Reports€shall€indicate€the€factors€andÏdifficulties,€if€any,€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€present€Covenant.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€The€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€may,€after€consultation€with€the€Committee,Ïtransmit€to€the€specialized€agencies€concerned€copies€of€such€parts€of€the€reports€as€may€fallÏwithin€their€field€of€competence.ÌÌ€€€€€4.€The€Committee€shall€study€the€reports€submitted€by€the€States€Parties€to€the€presentÏCovenant.€It€shall€transmit€its€reports,€and€such€general€comments€as€it€may€consider€appropriate,Ïto€the€States€Parties.€The€Committee€may€also€transmit€to€the€Economic€and€Social€Council€theseÏcomments€along€with€the€€copies€of€the€reports€it€has€received€from€States€Parties€to€the€presentÏCovenant.€ÌÌ€€€€€5.€The€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant€may€submit€to€the€Committee€observations€onÏany€comments€that€may€be€made€in€accordance€with€paragraph€4€of€this€article.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€41€Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά¸”#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά™”#ÔÐ ` ÐÌ€€€€€1.€A€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant€may€at€any€time€declare€under€this€article€that€itÏrecognizes€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€receive€and€consider€communications€to€theÏeffect€that€a€State€Party€claims€that€another€State€Party€is€not€fulfilling€its€obligations€under€theÏpresent€Covenant.€Communications€under€this€article€may€be€received€and€considered€only€ifÏsubmitted€by€a€State€Party€which€has€made€a€declaration€recognizing€in€regard€to€itself€theÏcompetence€of€the€Committee.€No€communication€shall€be€received€by€the€Committee€if€itÏconcerns€a€State€Party€which€has€not€made€such€a€declaration.€Communications€received€€€€€Ïunder€this€article€shall€be€dealt€with€in€accordance€with€the€following€procedure:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(a)€If€a€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant€considers€that€another€State€Party€is€not€givingÏeffect€to€the€provisions€of€the€present€Covenant,€it€may,€by€written€communication,€bring€theÏmatter€to€the€attention€of€that€State€Party.€Within€three€months€after€the€receipt€of€theÏcommunication€the€receiving€State€shall€afford€the€State€which€sent€the€communication€anÏexplanation,€or€any€other€statement€in€writing€clarifying€the€matter€which€should€include,€to€theÏextent€possible€and€pertinent,€reference€to€domestic€procedures€and€remedies€taken,€pending,€orÏavailable€in€the€matter;€Ð (-x(+ Ї€€€€€€€€€€(b)€If€the€matter€is€not€adjusted€to€the€satisfaction€of€both€States€Parties€concerned€withinÏsix€months€after€the€receipt€by€the€receiving€State€of€the€initial€communication,€either€State€shallÏhave€the€right€to€refer€the€matter€to€the€Committee,€by€notice€given€to€the€Committee€and€to€theÏother€State;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(c)€The€Committee€shall€deal€with€a€matter€referred€to€it€only€after€it€has€ascertained€thatÏall€available€domestic€remedies€have€been€invoked€and€exhausted€in€the€matter,€in€conformityÏwith€the€generally€recognized€principles€of€international€law.€This€shall€not€be€the€rule€where€theÌapplication€of€the€remedies€is€unreasonably€prolonged;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(d)€The€Committee€shall€hold€closed€meetings€when€examining€communications€under€thisÏarticle;ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(e)€Subject€to€the€provisions€of€subparagraph€(c),€the€Committee€shall€make€available€itsÏgood€offices€to€the€States€Parties€concerned€with€a€view€to€a€friendly€solution€of€the€matter€on€theÌbasis€of€respect€for€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms€as€recognized€in€the€present€€€€€€€€ÏCovenant;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(f)€In€any€matter€referred€to€it,€the€Committee€may€call€upon€the€States€Parties€concerned,Ì€€€€€€€€€€referred€to€in€subparagraph€(b),€to€supply€any€relevant€information;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(g)€The€States€Parties€concerned,€referred€to€in€subparagraph€(b),€shall€have€the€right€to€beÌ€€€€€€€€€€represented€when€the€matter€is€being€considered€in€the€Committee€and€to€makeÏsubmissions€orally€and/or€in€writing;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(h)€The€Committee€shall,€within€twelve€months€after€the€date€of€receipt€of€notice€underÌ€€€€€€€€€€subparagraph€(b),€submit€a€report:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(¢i£)€If€a€solution€within€the€terms€of€subparagraph€(e)€is€reached,€the€Committee€shallÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€confine€its€report€to€a€brief€statement€of€the€facts€and€of€the€solution€reached;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(ii)€If€a€solution€within€the€terms€of€subparagraph€(e)€is€not€reached,€the€CommitteeÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€shall€confine€its€report€to€a€brief€statement€of€the€facts;€the€written€submissions€andÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€record€of€the€oral€submissions€made€by€the€States€Parties€concerned€shall€beÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€attached€to€the€report.€In€every€matter,€the€report€shall€be€communicated€to€theÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€States€Parties€concerned.€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€2.€The€provisions€of€this€article€shall€come€into€force€when€ten€States€Parties€to€the€presentÌ€€€€€€€€€€Covenant€have€made€declarations€under€paragraph€I€of€this€article.€Such€declarations€shallÏbe€deposited€by€the€States€Parties€with€the€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations,€who€shallÌtransmit€copies€thereof€to€the€other€States€Parties.€A€declaration€may€be€withdrawn€at€any€timeÌby€notification€to€the€Secretary-General.€Such€a€withdrawal€shall€not€prejudice€the€considerationÌof€any€matter€which€is€the€subject€of€a€communication€already€transmitted€under€this€article;€noÌfurther€communication€by€any€State€Party€shall€be€received€after€the€notification€of€withdrawal€ofÌthe€declaration€has€been€received€by€the€Secretary-General,€unless€the€State€Party€concernedÐ ð-@), Ðhas€made€a€new€declaration.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€42Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆѦ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά²¦#ԀРà ÐÌ€€€€€1.ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(a)€If€a€matter€referred€to€the€Committee€in€accordance€with€article€41€is€not€resolved€to€theÌ€€€€€€€€€€satisfaction€of€the€States€Parties€concerned,€the€Committee€may,€with€the€prior€consent€ofÏthe€States€Parties€concerned,€appoint€an€ad€hoc€Conciliation€Commission€(hereinafter€referred€toÏas€the€Commission).€The€good€offices€of€the€Commission€shall€be€made€available€to€the€StatesÌParties€concerned€with€a€view€to€an€amicable€solution€of€the€matter€on€the€basis€of€respect€forÌthe€present€Covenant;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(b)€The€Commission€shall€consist€of€five€persons€acceptable€to€the€States€PartiesÏconcerned.€If€the€States€Parties€concerned€fail€to€reach€agreement€within€three€months€on€all€orÏpart€of€the€composition€of€the€Commission,€the€members€of€the€Commission€concerning€whomÏno€€agreement€has€been€reached€shall€be€elected€by€secret€ballot€by€a€two-thirds€majority€vote€ofÏthe€Committee€from€among€its€members.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€The€members€of€the€Commission€shall€serve€in€their€personal€capacity.€They€shall€not€beÏnationals€of€the€States€Parties€concerned,€or€of€a€State€not€Party€to€the€present€Covenant,€or€of€aÏState€Party€which€has€not€made€a€declaration€under€article€41.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€The€Commission€shall€elect€its€own€Chairman€and€adopt€its€own€rules€of€procedure.€ÌÌ€€€€€4.€The€meetings€of€the€Commission€shall€normally€be€held€at€the€Headquarters€of€the€UnitedÏNations€or€at€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva.€However,€they€may€be€held€at€such€otherÏconvenient€place€€as€the€Commission€may€determine€in€consultation€with€the€Secretary-GeneralÏof€the€United€Nations€and€the€States€Parties€concerned.€ÌÌ€€€€€5.€The€secretariat€provided€in€accordance€with€article€36€shall€also€service€the€commissionsÏappointed€under€this€article.€ÌÌ€€€€€6.€The€information€received€and€collated€by€the€Committee€shall€be€made€available€to€theÏCommission€and€the€Commission€may€call€upon€the€States€Parties€concerned€to€supply€any€otherÏrelevant€information.€ÌÌ€€€€€7.€When€the€Commission€has€fully€considered€the€matter,€but€in€any€event€not€later€thanÏtwelve€months€after€having€been€seized€of€the€matter,€it€shall€submit€to€the€Chairman€of€theÏCommittee€a€report€for€communication€to€the€States€Parties€concerned:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(a)€If€the€Commission€is€unable€to€complete€its€consideration€of€the€matter€within€twelveÏmonths,€it€shall€confine€its€report€to€a€brief€statement€of€the€status€of€its€consideration€of€theÏmatter;€Ð (-x(+ Ї€€€€€€€€€€(b)€If€an€amicable€solution€to€the€matter€on€tie€basis€of€respect€for€human€rights€asÏrecognized€in€the€present€Covenant€is€reached,€the€Commission€shall€confine€its€report€to€a€briefÏstatement€of€the€facts€and€of€the€solution€reached;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(c)€If€a€solution€within€the€terms€of€subparagraph€(b)€is€not€reached,€the€Commission'sÏreport€shall€embody€its€findings€on€all€questions€of€fact€relevant€to€the€issues€between€the€StatesÏParties€concerned,€and€its€views€on€the€possibilities€of€an€amicable€solution€of€the€matter.€ThisÏreport€shall€also€contain€the€written€submissions€and€a€record€of€the€oral€submissions€made€byÏthe€States€Parties€concerned;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(d)€If€the€Commission's€report€is€submitted€under€subparagraph€(c),€the€States€PartiesÏconcerned€shall,€within€three€months€of€the€receipt€of€the€report,€notify€the€Chairman€of€theÏCommittee€whether€or€not€they€accept€the€contents€of€the€report€of€the€Commission.€ÌÌ€€€€€8.€The€provisions€of€this€article€are€without€prejudice€to€the€responsibilities€of€the€CommitteeÏunder€article€41.€ÌÌ€€€€€9.€The€States€Parties€concerned€shall€share€equally€all€the€expenses€of€the€members€of€theÏCommission€in€accordance€with€estimates€to€be€provided€by€the€Secretary-General€of€the€UnitedÏNations.€ÌÌ€€€€€10.€The€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€shall€be€empowered€to€pay€the€expenses€ofÏthe€members€of€the€Commission,€if€necessary,€before€reimbursement€by€the€States€PartiesÏconcerned,€in€accordance€with€paragraph€9€of€this€article.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€43Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άü¶#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Άݶ#ԀР p ÐÌ€€€€€The€members€of€the€Committee,€and€of€the€ad€hoc€conciliation€commissions€which€may€beÏappointed€under€article€42,€shall€be€entitled€to€the€facilities,€privileges€and€immunities€of€expertsÏon€mission€for€the€United€Nations€as€laid€down€in€the€relevant€sections€of€the€Convention€on€theÏPrivileges€and€Immunities€of€the€United€Nations.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€44Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Άö¸#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά׸#ԀРØ"(  ÐÌ€€€€€The€provisions€for€the€implementation€of€the€present€Covenant€shall€apply€without€prejudiceÏto€the€procedures€prescribed€in€the€field€of€human€rights€by€or€under€the€constituent€instrumentsÏand€the€conventions€of€the€United€Nations€and€of€the€specialized€agencies€and€shall€not€preventÏthe€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant€from€having€recourse€to€other€procedures€for€settling€aÏdispute€in€accordance€with€general€or€special€international€agreements€in€force€between€them.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€45Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά»#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Άb»#ԀР€*Ð%( ÐÌ€€€€€The€Committee€shall€submit€to€the€General€Assembly€of€the€United€Nations,€through€theÏEconomic€and€Social€Council,€an€annual€report€on€its€activities.€Ð x-È(+ Ї€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô‡ ÒJ!XXz´ÔÔ‡ ÒJ!! ÒJÔPART€VÔ#† ÒJ!! ÒJ½#ÔÔ#†Xz´X! ÒJä¼#ԀР° ÐÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€46Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά¤½#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά…½#ÔÐ â2 ÐÌ€€€€€Nothing€in€the€present€Covenant€shall€be€interpreted€as€impairing€the€provisions€of€theÏCharter€of€the€United€Nations€and€of€the€constitutions€of€the€specialized€agencies€which€defineÏthe€respective€responsibilities€of€the€various€organs€of€the€United€Nations€and€of€the€specializedÏagencies€in€regard€to€the€matters€dealt€with€in€the€present€Covenant.€ÌÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€47Ô#†¼Ά»»¼Ά°¿#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά‘¿#ԀРš ê  ÐÌ€€€€€Nothing€in€the€present€Covenant€shall€be€interpreted€as€impairing€the€inherent€right€of€allÏpeoples€to€enjoy€and€utilize€fully€and€freely€their€natural€wealth€and€resources.€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô‡ ÒJ!XXz´ÔÔ‡ ÒJ!! ÒJÔPART€VIÔ#† ÒJ!! ÒJ4Á#ÔÔ#†Xz´X! ÒJÁ#ԀРr  ÐÌÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔArticle€48Ô#†¼Ά»»¼ΆÖÁ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά·Á#ԀР¤ô ÐÌ€€€€€1.€The€present€Covenant€is€open€for€signature€by€any€State€Member€of€the€United€Nations€orÏmember€of€any€ñˆñÌ€€€€€ñˆñof€its€specialized€agencies,€by€any€State€Party€to€the€Statute€of€the€InternationalÏCourt€of€Justice,€and€by€anyñ‰ñ€ñ‰ññŠñÌ€€€€€ñŠñother€State€which€has€been€invited€by€the€General€Assembly€of€theÏUnited€Nations€to€become€a€Party€to€theñ‹ñ€ñ‹ññŒñÌ€€€€€ñŒñpresent€Covenant.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€The€present€Covenant€is€subject€to€ratification.€Instruments€of€ratification€shall€beÏdeposited€with€theññ€ñññŽñÌ€€€€€ñŽñSecretary-General€of€the€United€Nations.€ÌÌ€€€€€3.€The€present€Covenant€shall€be€open€to€accession€by€any€State€referred€to€in€paragraph€1€ofÏthis€article.€ÌÌ€€€€€4.€Accession€shall€be€effected€by€the€deposit€of€an€instrument€of€accession€with€theÏSecretary-General€of€theññ€ññññÌ€€€€€ññUnited€Nations.€ÌÌ€€€€€5.€The€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€shall€inform€all€States€which€have€signed€thisÏCovenant€orñ‘ñ€ñ‘ññ’ñÌ€€€€€ñ’ñacceded€to€it€of€the€deposit€of€each€instrument€of€ratification€or€accession.€ÌÌñ“ñÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔñ“ñArticle€49ñ“ñÔ#†¼Ά»»¼Î†ÂÆ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά£Æ#Ôñ“ñ€Ð œ&ì!# ÐÌ€€€€€1.€The€present€Covenant€shall€enter€into€force€three€months€after€the€date€of€the€deposit€withÏtheñ”ñ€ñ”ññ•ñÌ€€€€€ñ•ñSecretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€of€the€thirty-fifth€instrument€of€ratification€orÏinstrument€of€accession.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€For€each€State€ratifying€the€present€Covenant€or€acceding€to€it€after€the€deposit€of€theÏthirty-fifth€instrumentÐ T-¤(* Ѐ€€€€of€ratification€or€instrument€of€accession,€the€present€Covenant€shall€enter€into€force€threeÏmonths€after€theñ™ñ€ñ™ññšñÌ€€€€€ñšñdate€of€the€deposit€of€its€own€instrument€of€ratification€or€instrument€ofÏaccession.€ÌÌñ–ñÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔñ–ñArticle€50€ñ–ñÔ#†¼Ά»»¼ΆåÉ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆÆÉ#Ôñ–ñÐ pÀ ÐÌ€€€€€The€provisions€of€the€present€Covenant€shall€extend€to€all€parts€of€federal€States€without€anyÏlimitations€orñ›ñ€ñ›ññœñÌ€€€€€ñœñexceptions.€ÌÌñ—ñÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔñ—ñArticle€51€ñ—ñÔ#†¼Ά»»¼Ά9Ë#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆË#Ôñ—ñÐ H ˜  ÐÌ€€€€€1.€Any€State€Party€to€the€present€Covenant€may€propose€an€amendment€and€file€it€with€theÏSecretary-Generalññ€ñññžñÌ€€€€€ñžñof€the€United€Nations.€The€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€shallÏthereupon€communicate€anyñŸñ€ñŸññ ñÌ€€€€€ñ ñproposed€amendments€to€the€States€Parties€to€the€present€CovenantÏwith€a€request€that€they€notify€himñ¡ñ€ñ¡ññ¢ñÌ€€€€€ñ¢ñwhether€they€¢favour£€a€conference€of€States€Parties€for€theÏpurpose€of€considering€and€voting€upon€theñ£ñ€ñ£ññ¤ñÌ€€€€€ñ¤ñproposals.€In€the€event€that€at€least€one€third€of€theÏStates€Parties€¢favours£€such€a€conference,€theñ¥ñ€ñ¥ññ¦ñÌ€€€€€ñ¦ñSecretary-General€shall€convene€the€conferenceÏunder€the€auspices€of€the€United€Nations.€Any€amendmentñ§ñ€ñ§ññ¨ñÌ€€€€€ñ¨ñadopted€by€a€majority€of€the€StatesÏParties€present€and€voting€at€the€conference€shall€be€submitted€to€theñ©ñ€ñ©ññªñÌ€€€€€ñªñGeneral€Assembly€of€theÏUnited€Nations€for€approval.€ÌÌ€€€€€2.€Amendments€shall€come€into€force€when€they€have€been€approved€by€the€GeneralÏAssembly€of€the€Unitedñ«ñ€ñ«ññ¬ñÌ€€€€€ñ¬ñNations€and€accepted€by€a€two-thirds€majority€of€the€States€Parties€to€theÏpresent€Covenant€in€accordanceñ­ñ€ñ­ññ®ñÌ€€€€€ñ®ñwith€their€respective€constitutional€processes.€ñ¯ñÌÌñ¯ññ±ññ°ñà  àñ°ññ±ññ²ñ€€€€ñ²ñ3.€When€amendments€come€into€force,€they€shall€be€binding€onñ³ñ€ñ³ññ´ñÌ€€€€€ñ´ñthose€States€Parties€whichÏhave€accepted€them,€other€States€Parties€still€being€bound€by€the€provisions€of€theñµñ€ñµññ¶ñÌ€€€€€ñ¶ñpresentÏCovenant€and€any€earlier€amendment€which€they€have€accepted.€ÌÌñ˜ñÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔñ˜ñArticle€52ñ˜ñÔ#†¼Ά»»¼ΆTÒ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼Ά5Ò#Ôñ˜ñ€Ð 0 € ÐÌ€€€€€Irrespective€of€the€notifications€made€under€article€48,€paragraph€5,€the€Secretary-General€ofÏthe€United€Nations€shall€inform€all€States€referred€to€in€paragraph€I€of€the€same€article€of€theÏfollowing€particulars:€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(a)€Signatures,€ratifications€and€accessions€under€article€48;€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€(b)€The€date€of€the€entry€into€force€of€the€present€Covenant€under€article€49€and€the€date€ofÏthe€entry€into€force€of€any€amendments€under€article€51.€ÌÌñ·ñÔ‡¼Ά»XXz´ÔÔ‡¼Ά»»¼ΆÔñ·ñArticle€53ñ·ñÔ#†¼Ά»»¼ΆÙÔ#ÔÔ#†Xz´X»¼ΆºÔ#Ôñ·ñ€Ð ¨*ø%( ÐÌ€€€€€1.€The€present€Covenant,€of€which€the€Chinese,€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish€textsÏare€equally€authentic,€shall€be€deposited€in€the€archives€of€the€United€Nations.€Ð  -ð(+ Ї€€€€€2.€The€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations€shall€transmit€certified€copies€of€the€presentÏCovenant€to€all€States€referred€to€in€article€48.€Ìœ