ÿWPCB ÃaIEyZy¸÷Þâ…Ûà¡óœ‚k#-¹‹†VlžƒÕÒ¹£ná5æòa¨)hŸ XUgŸŒ™«q:¥lSX–­}Í)àb mS?§q[8¤Æ…ƒèÍß#›44cÀèU@*·%"xÁ¾^wo<íàŠ¥&·yÆس“?µ¸Žüë.ÊÍWÖyù´eÿŠSFžØ5tSè‰GÝBíþ¡úP6v-Àê¡…Œz % ‰ŠrÑÁ’ÙEy¢:ü»RêöØ45"j`Ù³ÙÇdjI…c”ä*kIt€r›Ö-UUÂ1)œwèˆR8×çÙ ²Úô#ìöª*+ðŽß Š–²Åy8jÞ/8A·a¾àB…ÓÄnœ¨O¹ Õ]iDJ4¬mLX'; Ò¶„®Ì—aþòÍ0‰åÐÇÅÀTs–óæB žYè^Ç5qxìþË0uÁ’A̘‰àÎ"Ï ïaüŠ9芾…Üß}™ÇF72‘=¶ìÖt+µƒüXeR-R]Ž)–œPŒûÊËóVaÖ¤ÈdÒ¾Py#eÀÙUâôO³5PÚu3pjúÜ­cæqôoyU&¸[Ôsôšôâ²/8Ré×ñù4VÏ{îæãõƒç Õ—4ª=96ŠdaÊî¹sżª±rÕbUNr %À 0(Æw@î4.#|x~(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ tDuDvDwDxDyEz{E|~sOM#Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÌññÓ  Óññññò òññññÔ‡¼nz¼XXÔññTHE€ARTICLES€OF€CONFEDERATION:ññÔ#†XGX¼¼nzD#Ôññññó óññÐ œì ÐññÓ!ÓññÌÌTo€all€to€whom€these€Presents€shall€come,€we€the€undersigned€Delegates€of€the€States€affixed€to€Ìour€Names€send€greeting.ÌÌArticles€of€Confederation€and€perpetual€Union€between€the€states€of€New€Hampshire,ÏMassachusetts-bayññ,ññññÌññññ€ññRhode€Island€and€Providence€Plantations,€Connecticut,€New€York,€NewÏJersey,€Pennsylvania,€Delaware,€ññÌññMaryland,€Virginia,€North€Carolina,€South€Carolina€and€Georgia.ÌÌI.€The€Stile€of€this€Confederacy€shall€be€"The€United€States€of€America".ÌÌII.€Each€state€retains€its€sovereignty,€freedom,€and€independence,€and€every€power,€jurisdiction,Ïand€right,€which€is€not€by€this€Confederation€expressly€delegated€to€the€United€States,€in€CongressÏassembled.ÌÌIII.€The€said€States€hereby€severally€enter€into€a€firm€league€of€friendship€with€each€other,€forÏtheir€common€defense,€the€security€of€their€liberties,€and€their€mutual€and€general€welfare,€bindingÏthemselves€to€assist€each€other,€against€all€force€offered€to,€or€attacks€made€upon€them,€or€any€ofÏthem,€on€account€of€religion,€sovereignty,€trade,€or€any€other€pretense€whatever.ÌÌIV.€The€better€to€secure€and€perpetuate€mutual€friendship€and€intercourse€among€the€people€ofÏthe€different€States€in€this€Union,€the€free€inhabitants€of€each€of€these€States,€paupers,€vagabonds,Ïand€fugitives€from€justice€excepted,€shall€be€entitled€to€all€privileges€and€immunities€of€free€Ïcitizens€in€the€several€States;€and€the€people€of€each€State€shall€free€ingress€and€regress€to€andÏfrom€any€other€State,€and€shall€enjoy€therein€all€the€privileges€of€trade€and€commerce,€subject€toÏthe€same€duties,€impositions,€and€restrictions€as€the€inhabitants€thereof€respectively,€provided€thatÏsuch€restrictions€shall€not€extend€so€far€as€to€prevent€the€removal€of€property€imported€into€anyÏState,€to€any€other€State,€of€which€the€owner€is€an€inhabitant;€provided€also€that€no€imposition,Ïduties€or€restriction€shall€be€laid€by€any€State,€on€the€property€of€the€United€States,€or€either€ofÏthem.ÌÌIf€any€person€guilty€of,€or€charged€with,€treason,€felony,€€or€other€high€misdemeanor€in€any€State,Ïshall€flee€from€justice,€and€be€found€in€any€of€the€United€States,€he€shall,€upon€demand€of€theÏGovernor€or€executive€power€of€the€State€from€which€he€fled,€be€delivered€up€and€removed€to€the€ÌState€having€jurisdiction€of€his€offense.ÌÌFull€faith€and€credit€shall€be€given€in€each€of€these€States€to€the€records,€acts,€and€judicialÏproceedings€of€the€courts€and€magistrates€of€every€other€State.ÌÌV.€For€the€most€convenient€management€of€the€general€interests€of€the€United€States,€delegatesÏshall€be€annually€appointed€in€such€manner€as€the€legislatures€of€each€State€shall€direct,€to€meet€inÏCongress€on€the€first€Monday€in€November,€in€every€year,€with€a€powerreserved€to€each€State€Ìto€recall€its€delegates,€or€any€of€them,€at€any€time€within€the€year,€and€to€send€others€in€their€steadÐ h-¸(, Ðfor€the€remainder€of€the€year.ÌÌNo€State€shall€be€represented€in€Congress€by€less€than€two,€nor€more€than€seven€members;€and€noÏperson€shall€be€capable€ñEñÌñEñof€being€a€delegate€for€more€than€three€years€in€any€term€ñFñÌñFñof€six€years;€norÏshall€any€person,€being€a€delegate,€be€ñGñÌñGñcapable€of€holding€any€office€under€the€United€States,€ñHñÌñHñforÏwhich€he,€or€another€for€his€benefit,€receives€any€ñIñÌñIñsalary,€fees€or€emolument€of€any€kind.ÌÌEach€State€shall€maintain€its€own€delegates€in€a€meeting€ñJñÌñJñof€the€States,€and€while€they€act€asÏmembers€of€the€ñKñÌñKñcommittee€of€the€States.ÌÌIn€determining€questions€in€the€United€States€in€Congress€ñLñÌñLñassembled,€each€State€shall€have€oneñMñÏñMññNñÏñNñvote.ÌÌFreedom€of€speech€and€debate€in€Congress€shall€not€be€ñOñÌñOñimpeached€or€questioned€in€any€court€orÏplace€out€ñPñÌñPñof€Congress,€and€the€members€of€Congress€shall€be€protected€ñQñÌñQññSññRñ€ñRññSñin€their€persons€fromÏarrests€or€imprisonments,€during€the€ñTñÌñTñtime€of€their€going€to€and€from,€and€attendence€on€Congress,€Ìexcept€for€treason,€felony,€or€breach€of€the€peace.ÌÌVIñUñ.ñUññVñ€€€€€€ñVññWñ€ñWñ€No€State,€without€the€consent€of€the€United€States€ñXñÌñXññYñ€ñYñin€Congress€assembled,€shall€send€anyÏembassy€to,€or€receive€ñZñÌñZñany€embassy€from,€or€enter€into€any€conference,€agreement,€ñ[ñÌñ[ñalliance€orÏtreaty€with€any€King,€Prince€or€State;€nor€shall€ñ\ñÌñ\ñany€person€holding€any€office€of€profit€or€trustÏunder€the€ñ]ñÌUñ]ññ^ñUñ^ñnited€States,€or€any€of€them,€accept€any€present,€emolument,€ñ_ñÌñ_ñoffice€or€title€of€any€kindÏwhatever€from€any€King,€Prince€or€ñ`ñÌñ`ñforeign€State;€nor€shall€the€United€States€in€CongressñañÏÌñaññbñÏñbñassembled,€or€any€of€them,€grant€any€title€of€nobility.ÌÌNo€two€or€more€States€shall€enter€into€any€treaty,€ñcñÌñcñconfederation€or€alliance€whatever€betweenÏthem,€without€ñdñÌñdñthe€consent€of€the€United€States€in€Congress€assembled,€ñeñÌñeñspecifying€accurately€theÏpurposes€for€which€the€same€is€ñfñÌñfñto€be€entered€into,€and€how€long€it€shall€continue.ÌÌNo€State€shall€lay€any€imposts€or€duties,€which€may€interfere€ñgñÌñgñwith€any€stipulations€in€treaties,Ïentered€into€by€the€United€ñhñÌñhñStates€in€Congress€assembled,€with€any€King,€Prince€or€State,€Ìin€pursuance€of€any€treaties€already€proposed€by€Congress,€ñiñÌñiñto€the€courts€of€France€and€Spain.ÌÌNo€vessel€of€war€shall€be€kept€up€in€time€of€peace€by€any€State,€ñjñÌñjñexcept€such€number€only,€as€shallÏbe€deemed€necessary€by€the€ñkñÌñkñUnited€States€in€Congress€assembled,€for€the€defense€of€such€ñlñÌñlñState,Ïor€its€trade;€nor€shall€any€body€of€forces€be€kept€up€ñmñÌñmñby€any€State€in€time€of€peace,€except€suchÏnumber€only,€as€in€ñnñÌñnñthe€judgement€of€the€United€States€in€Congress€assembled,€ñoñÌñoñshall€be€deemedÏrequisite€to€garrison€the€forts€necessary€for€ñpñÌñpñthe€defense€of€such€State;€but€every€State€shall€alwaysÏkeep€up€ñqñÌñqña€well-regulated€and€disciplined€militia,€sufficiently€armed€ñrñÌñrñand€accoutered,€and€shallÏprovide€and€constantly€have€ready€ñsñÌñsñfor€use,€in€public€stores,€a€due€number€of€filed€pieces€and€tents,€Ìand€a€proper€quantity€of€arms,€ammunition€and€camp€equipage.ÌÌNo€State€shall€engage€in€any€war€without€the€consent€of€the€ñtñÌñtñUnited€States€in€Congress€assembled,Ïunless€such€State€be€ñuñÌñuñactually€invaded€by€enemies,€or€shall€have€received€certain€ñvñÌñvñadvice€of€añwñÏñwññxñÏñxñresolution€being€formed€by€some€nation€of€Indians€ñyñÐ @-(, Ðñyñto€invade€such€State,€and€the€danger€is€soÐ @-(, Ðimminent€as€not€ñzñÌñzñto€admit€of€a€delay€till€the€United€States€in€Congress€assembled€ñ{ñÌñ{ñcan€be€consulted;Ïnor€shall€any€State€grant€commissions€to€any€ñ|ñÌñ|ñships€or€vessels€of€war,€nor€letters€of€marque€orÏreprisal,€ñ}ñÌñ}ñexcept€it€be€after€a€declaration€of€war€by€the€United€States€ñ~ñÌñ~ñin€Congress€assembled,€andÏthen€only€against€the€Kingdom€or€ññÌññState€and€the€subjects€thereof,€against€which€war€has€been€Ìso€declared,€and€under€such€regulations€as€shall€be€established€ñ€ñÌñ€ñby€the€United€States€in€CongressÏassembled,€unless€such€State€ññÌññbe€infested€by€pirates,€in€which€case€vessels€of€war€may€be€ñ‚ñÌñ‚ñfitted€outÏfor€that€occasion,€and€kept€so€long€as€the€danger€ñƒñÌñƒñshall€continue,€or€until€the€United€States€inñ„ñÏñ„ññ…ñÏñ…ñCongress€ñ†ñÌñ†ññ‡ñ€ñ‡ñassembled€shall€determine€otherwise.ÌÌVIIñˆñ.ñˆññ‰ñ€€€€€€ñ‰ñ€When€land€forces€are€raised€by€any€State€for€the€ñŠñÌñŠñcommon€defense,€all€officers€of€or€under€theÏrank€of€colonel,€ñ‹ñÌñ‹ñshall€be€appointed€by€the€legislature€of€each€State€respectively,€ñŒñÌñŒñby€whom€suchÏforces€shall€be€raised,€or€in€such€manner€as€such€ññÌññState€shall€direct,€and€all€vacancies€shall€be€filledÏup€by€the€ñŽñÌñŽñState€which€first€made€the€appointment.ÌÌVIIIññ.ññññ€€€€€ññ€All€charges€of€war,€and€all€other€expenses€that€shall€ñ‘ñÌñ‘ñbe€incurred€for€the€common€defense€orÏgeneral€welfare,€and€ñ’ñÌñ’ñallowed€by€the€United€States€in€Congress€assembled,€shall€be€ñ“ñÌñ“ñdefrayed€out€ofÏa€common€treasury,€which€shall€be€supplied€by€ñ”ñÌñ”ñthe€several€States€in€proportion€to€the€value€of€allÏland€within€ñ•ñÌñ•ñeach€State,€granted€or€surveyed€for€any€person,€as€such€land€ñ–ñÌñ–ñand€the€buildings€andÏimprovements€thereon€shall€be€estimated€ñ—ñÌñ—ñaccording€to€such€mode€as€the€United€States€in€Congress€Ìassembled,€shall€from€time€to€time€direct€and€appoint.ÌÌThe€taxes€for€paying€that€proportion€shall€be€laid€and€ñ˜ñÌñ˜ñlevied€by€the€authority€and€direction€of€theÏlegislatures€ñ™ñÌñ™ñof€the€several€States€within€the€time€agreed€upon€by€the€ñšñÌñšñUnited€States€in€CongressÏassembled.ÌÌIXñ›ñ.ñ›ññœñ€€€€€€€€ñœñññ€ññThe€United€States€in€Congress€assembled,€shall€have€ñžñÌñžñthe€sole€and€exclusive€right€and€power€ofÏdetermining€on€peace€ñŸñÌñŸñand€war,€except€in€the€cases€mentioned€in€the€sixth€article€--€ñ ñÌñ ñof€sending€andÏreceiving€ambassadors€--€entering€into€treaties€ñ¡ñÌñ¡ñand€alliances,€provided€that€no€treaty€of€commerceÏshall€be€ñ¢ñÌñ¢ñmade€whereby€the€legislative€power€of€the€respective€States€ñ£ñÌñ£ñshall€be€restrained€fromÏimposing€such€imposts€and€duties€on€ñ¤ñÌñ¤ñforeigners,€as€their€own€people€are€subjected€to,€or€from€Ìprohibiting€the€exportation€or€importation€of€any€species€ñ¥ñÌñ¥ñof€goods€or€commodities€whatsoever€--Ïof€establishing€rules€ñ¦ñÌñ¦ñfor€deciding€in€all€cases,€what€captures€on€land€or€water€shall€ñ§ñÌñ§ñbe€legal,€and€inÏwhat€manner€prizes€taken€by€land€or€naval€ñ¨ñÌñ¨ñforces€in€the€service€of€the€United€States€shall€beñ©ñÏñ©ññªñÏñªñdivided€ñ«ñÌñ«ñor€appropriated€--€of€granting€letters€of€marque€and€reprisal€ñ¬ñÌñ¬ñin€times€of€peace€-ñ¯ñ-ñ¯ññ°ñ€ñ°ññ­ñÏñ­ññ¯ññ®ñÏñ®ññ¯ñappointingÏcourts€for€the€trial€of€ñ±ñÌñ±ñpiracies€and€felonies€commited€on€the€high€seas€and€ñ²ñÌñ²ñestablishing€courts€forÏreceiving€and€determining€finally€ñ³ñÌñ³ñappeals€in€all€cases€of€captures,€provided€that€no€member€of€ñ´ñÌñ´ññµñÏñµñCongress€shall€be€appointed€a€judge€of€any€of€the€said€courts.ÌÌThe€United€States€in€Congress€assembled€shall€also€be€the€last€ñ¶ñÌñ¶ñresort€on€appeal€in€all€disputes€andÏdifferences€now€subsisting€ñ·ñÌñ·ñor€that€hereafter€may€arise€between€two€or€more€States€concerning€Ìboundary,€jurisdiction€or€any€other€causes€whatever;€which€ñ¸ñÌñ¸ñauthority€shall€always€be€exercised€inÏthe€manner€following.€ñ¹ñÌñ¹ñWhenever€the€legislative€or€executive€authority€or€lawful€agent€ñºñÌñºñof€any€StateÏin€controversy€with€another€shall€present€a€ñ»ñÌñ»ñpetition€to€Congress€stating€the€matter€in€question€andÏpraying€ñ¼ñÌñ¼ñfor€a€hearing,€notice€thereof€shall€be€given€by€order€of€ñ½ñÌñ½ñCongress€to€the€legislative€orÏexecutive€authority€of€the€other€ñ¾ñÐ @-(, Ðñ¾ñState€in€controversy,€and€a€day€assigned€for€the€appearance€of€Ð @-(, Ðthe€parties€by€their€lawful€agents,€who€shall€then€be€directed€ñ¿ñÌñ¿ñto€appoint€by€joint€consent,ñÁñÏñÁññÂñÏñÂñcommissioners€or€judges€to€ñÀñÌñÀñconstitute€a€court€for€hearing€and€determining€the€matter€in€Ìquestion:€but€if€they€cannot€agree,€Congress€shall€name€three€ñÃñÌñÃññÅññÄñ€ñÄññÅñpersons€out€of€each€of€the€UnitedÏStates,€and€from€the€list€of€ñÆñÌñÆñsuch€persons€each€party€shall€alternately€strike€out€one,€the€ñÇñÌñÇññÉññÈñ€ñÈññÉñpetitionersÏbeginning,€until€the€number€shall€be€reduced€to€ñÊñÌñÊñthirteen;€and€from€that€number€not€less€than€seven,Ïnor€more€ñËñÌñËñthan€nine€names€as€Congress€shall€direct,€shall€in€the€ñÌñÌñÌñpresence€of€Congress€be€drawn€outÏby€lot,€and€the€persons€ñÍñÌñÍñwhose€names€shall€be€so€drawn€or€any€five€of€them,€shall€be€ñÎñÌñÎñcommissionersÏor€judges,€to€hear€and€finally€determine€the€ñÏñÌñÏñcontroversy,€so€always€as€a€major€part€of€the€judgesÏwho€shall€ñÐñÌñÐñhear€the€cause€shall€agree€in€the€determination:€and€if€either€ñÑñÌñÑñparty€shall€neglect€to€attendÏat€the€day€appointed,€without€ñÒñÌñÒñshowing€reasons,€which€Congress€shall€judge€sufficient,€or€ñÓñÌñÓñbeingÏpresent€shall€refuse€to€strike,€the€Congress€shall€ñÔñÌñÔñproceed€to€nominate€three€persons€out€of€eachñÕñÏñÕññÖñÏñÖñState,€and€the€ñ×ñÌñ×ñsecretary€of€Congress€shall€strike€in€behalf€of€such€party€ñØñÌñØñabsent€or€refusing;€and€theÏjudgement€and€sentence€of€the€ñÙñÌñÙñcourt€to€be€appointed,€in€the€manner€before€prescribed,€ñÚñÌñÚñshall€beÏfinal€and€conclusive;€and€if€any€of€the€parties€ñÛñÌñÛñshall€refuse€to€submit€to€the€authority€of€such€court,Ïor€ñÜñÌñÜñto€appear€or€defend€their€claim€or€cause,€the€court€shall€ñÝñÌñÝñnevertheless€proceed€to€pronounceÏsentence,€or€judgement,€ñÞñÌñÞñwhich€shall€in€like€manner€be€final€and€decisive,€the€ñßñÌñßñjudgement€orñàñÏñàññáñÏñáñsentence€and€other€proceedings€being€in€ñâñÌñâñeither€case€transmitted€to€Congress,€and€lodged€among€Ìthe€acts€of€Congress€for€the€security€of€the€parties€ñãñÌñãñconcerned:€provided€that€every€commissioner,Ïbefore€he€ñäñÌñäñsits€in€judgement,€shall€take€an€oath€to€be€administered€ñåñÌñåñby€one€of€the€judges€of€theÏsupreme€or€superior€court€of€ñæñÌñæñthe€State,€where€the€cause€shall€be€tried,€'well€and€truly€ñçñÌñçñto€hear€andÏdetermine€the€matter€in€question,€according€to€ñèñÌñèñthe€best€of€his€judgement,€without€favor,€affectionÏor€hope€ñéñÌñéñof€reward':€provided€also,€that€no€State€shall€be€deprived€ñêñÌñêñof€territory€for€the€benefit€of€theÏUnited€States.ñëñÌñëññìñÌñìñÌAll€controversies€concerning€the€private€right€of€soil€ñíñÌñíñclaimed€under€different€grants€of€two€orÏmore€States,€whose€ñîñÌñîñjurisdictions€as€they€may€respect€such€lands,€and€the€States€ñïñÌñïñwhich€passed€suchÏgrants€are€adjusted,€the€said€grants€or€ñðñÌñðñeither€of€them€being€at€the€same€time€claimed€to€haveÏñññÌñññoriginated€antecedent€to€such€settlement€of€jurisdiction,€ñòñÌñòñshall€on€the€petition€of€either€party€to€theÏCongress€of€ñóñÌñóñthe€United€States,€be€finally€determined€as€near€as€may€be€ñôñÌñôñin€the€same€manner€as€isÏbefore€presecribed€for€deciding€ñõñÌñõñdisputes€respecting€territorial€jurisdiction€between€ñöñÌñöñdifferent€States.ÌÌThe€United€States€in€Congress€assembled€shall€also€have€ñ÷ñÌñ÷ñthe€sole€and€exclusive€right€and€power€ofÏregulating€the€ñøñÌñøñalloy€and€value€of€coin€struck€by€their€own€authority,€or€ñùñÌñùñby€that€of€the€respectiveÏStates€--€fixing€the€standards€of€ñúñÌñúñweights€and€measures€throughout€the€United€States€--€regulating€Ìthe€trade€and€managing€all€affairs€with€the€Indians,€not€members€ñûñÌñûñof€any€of€the€States,€providedÏthat€the€legislative€right€of€ñüñÌñüñany€State€within€its€own€limits€be€not€infringed€or€violated€--ÏñýñÌñýñestablishing€or€regulating€post€offices€from€one€State€to€another,€ñþñÌñþñthroughout€all€the€United€States,Ïand€exacting€such€postage€on€ñÿñÌñÿñthe€papers€passing€through€the€same€as€may€be€requisite€to€defray€Ìthe€expenses€of€the€said€office€--€appointing€all€officers€of€the€ññÌññland€forces,€in€the€service€of€theÏUnited€States,€excepting€ññÌññregimental€officers€--€appointing€all€the€officers€of€the€naval€ññÌññforces,€andÏcommissioning€all€officers€whatever€in€the€service€ññÌññof€the€United€States€--€making€rules€for€theÏgovernment€and€ññÌññregulation€of€the€said€land€and€naval€forces,€and€directing€ññÌññtheir€operations.ÌÌThe€United€States€in€Congress€assembled€shall€have€authority€ññÌññto€appoint€a€committee,€to€sit€in€theÏrecess€of€Congress,€ññÐ @-(, Ðññto€be€denominated€'A€Committee€of€the€States',€and€to€consist€ññÐ @-(, Ðññof€one€delegateÐ @-(, Ðfrom€each€State;€and€to€appoint€such€other€ñ ñÌñ ñcommittees€and€civil€officers€as€may€be€necessary€forÏmanaging€ñ ñÌñ ñthe€general€affairs€of€the€United€States€under€their€direction€ñ ñÌñ ñ--€to€appoint€one€of€theirÏmembers€to€preside,€provided€that€no€ñ ñÌñ ñperson€be€allowed€to€serve€in€the€office€of€president€moreÏthan€ñ ñÌñ ñone€year€in€any€term€of€three€years;€to€ascertain€the€necessary€ññÌññsums€of€money€to€be€raised€forÏthe€service€of€the€United€States,€ññÌññand€to€appropriate€and€apply€the€same€for€defraying€the€public€Ìexpenses€--€to€borrow€money,€or€emit€bills€on€the€credit€of€the€ññÌññUnited€States,€transmitting€everyÏhalf-year€to€the€respective€ññÌññStates€an€account€of€the€sums€of€money€so€borrowed€or€emitted€Ì--€to€build€and€equip€a€navy€--€to€agree€upon€the€number€of€ññÌññland€forces,€and€to€make€requisitionsÏfrom€each€State€for€its€ññÌññquota,€in€proportion€to€the€number€of€white€inhabitants€in€such€ññÌññState;Ïwhich€requisition€shall€be€binding,€and€thereupon€the€ññÌññlegislature€of€each€State€shall€appoint€theÏregimental€officers,€ññÌññraise€the€men€and€cloath,€arm€and€equip€them€in€a€solid-like€ññÌññmanner,€at€theÏexpense€of€the€United€States;€and€the€officers€ññÌññand€men€so€cloathed,€armed€and€equipped€shallÏmarch€to€the€place€ññÌññappointed,€and€within€the€time€agreed€on€by€the€United€States€ññÌññin€CongressÏassembled.€But€if€the€United€States€in€Congress€ññÌññassembled€shall,€on€consideration€ofññÏññññÏññcircumstances€judge€proper€ññÌññthat€any€State€should€not€raise€men,€or€should€raise€a€smaller€ññÌññnumberÏof€men€than€the€quota€thereof,€such€extra€number€shall€be€ñ ñÌñ ñraised,€officered,€cloathed,€armed€andÏequipped€in€the€same€manner€ñ!ñÌñ!ñas€the€quota€of€each€State,€unless€the€legislature€of€such€State€Ìshall€judge€that€such€extra€number€cannot€be€safely€spread€out€in€ñ"ñÌñ"ñthe€same,€in€which€case€theyÏshall€raise,€officer,€cloath,€arm€ñ#ñÌñ#ñand€equip€as€many€of€such€extra€number€as€they€judeg€can€be€safely€Ìspared.€And€the€officers€and€men€so€cloathed,€armed,€and€equipped,€ñ%ñÌñ%ñshall€march€to€the€placeÏappointed,€and€within€the€time€agreed€ñ&ñÌñ&ñon€by€the€United€States€in€Congress€assembled.ÌÌThe€United€States€in€Congress€assembled€shall€never€engage€in€a€ñ'ñÌñ'ñwar,€nor€grant€letters€of€marqueÏor€reprisal€in€time€of€peace,€nor€ñ(ñÌñ(ñenter€into€any€treaties€or€alliances,€nor€coin€money,€nor€regulate€Ìthe€value€thereof,€nor€ascertain€the€sums€and€expenses€necessary€ñ)ñÌñ)ñfor€the€defense€and€welfare€ofÏthe€United€States,€or€any€of€them,€ñ*ñÌñ*ñnor€emit€bills,€nor€borrow€money€on€the€credit€of€the€United€ÌStates,€nor€appropriate€money,€nor€agree€upon€the€number€of€ñ+ñÌñ+ñvessels€of€war,€to€be€built€orÏpurchased,€or€the€number€of€land€ñ,ñÌñ,ñor€sea€forces€to€be€raised,€nor€appoint€a€commander€in€chief€of€Ìthe€army€or€navy,€unless€nine€States€assent€to€the€same:€nor€ñ-ñÌñ-ñshall€a€question€on€any€other€point,Ïexcept€for€adjourning€from€ñ.ñÌñ.ñday€to€day€be€determined,€unless€by€the€votes€of€the€majority€ñ/ñÌñ/ñof€theÏUnited€States€in€Congress€assembled.ÌÌThe€Congress€of€the€United€States€shall€have€power€to€adjourn€ñ0ñÌñ0ñto€any€time€within€the€year,€and€toÏany€place€within€the€United€ñ1ñÌñ1ñStates,€so€that€no€period€of€adjournment€be€for€a€longer€ñ2ñÌñ2ñduration€thanÏthe€space€of€six€months,€and€shall€publish€the€ñ3ñÌñ3ñjournal€of€their€proceedings€monthly,€except€suchÏparts€thereof€ñ4ñÌñ4ñrelating€to€treaties,€alliances€or€military€operations,€as€in€ñ5ñÌñ5ñtheir€judgement€requireÏsecrecy;€and€the€yeas€and€nays€of€the€ñ6ñÌñ6ñdelegates€of€each€State€on€any€question€shall€be€entered€onÏthe€ñ7ñÌñ7ñjournal,€when€it€is€desired€by€any€delegates€of€a€State,€or€any€ñ8ñÌñ8ñof€them,€at€his€or€their€requestÏshall€be€furnished€with€a€ñ9ñÌñ9ñtranscript€of€the€said€journal,€except€such€parts€as€are€above€ñ:ñÌñ:ñexcepted,€toÏlay€before€the€legislatures€of€the€several€States.ÌÌXñ;ñ.ñ;ññ<ñ€€€€€€€€€ñ<ññ=ñ€ñ=ñThe€Committee€of€the€States,€or€any€nine€of€them,€ñ>ñÌñ>ñshall€be€authorized€to€execute,€in€the€recessÏof€Congress,€such€ñ?ñÌñ?ñof€the€powers€of€Congress€as€the€United€States€in€Congress€ñ@ñÌñ@ñassembled,€by€theÏconsent€of€the€nine€States,€shall€from€time€ñAñÌñAñto€time€think€expedient€to€vest€them€with;€provided€thatÏno€ñBñÐ @-(, ÐñBñpower€be€delegated€to€the€said€Committee,€for€the€exercise€of€ñCñÐ @-(, ÐñCñwhich,€by€the€Articles€ofñDñÐ @-(, ÐñDññEñÐ @-(, ÐñEñConfederation,€the€voice€of€nine€States€ñFñÌñFñin€the€Congress€of€the€United€States€assembled€beñGñÏñGññHñÏñHñrequisite.ÌÌXIñIñ.ñIññJñ€€€€€€€ñJñ€Canada€acceding€to€this€confederation,€and€adjoining€ñKñÌñKñin€the€measures€of€the€United€States,Ïshall€be€admitted€into,€ñLñÌñLñand€entitled€to€all€the€advantages€of€this€Union;€but€no€other€ñMñÌñMñcolony€shall€beÏadmitted€into€the€same,€unless€such€admission€be€ñNñÌñNñagreed€to€by€nine€States.ÌÌXIñPññOñ.ñOññPñIñQñ.ñQñ€ñRñ€€€€€€ñRñAll€bills€of€credit€emitted,€monies€borrowed,€and€ñSñÌñSñdebts€contracted€by,€or€under€the€authorityÏof€Congress,€before€ñTñÌñTñthe€assembling€of€the€United€States,€in€pursuance€of€the€presentÏñUñÌñUñconfederation,€shall€be€deemed€and€considered€as€a€charge€against€ñVñÌñVñthe€United€States,€for€paymentÏand€satisfaction€whereof€the€said€ñWñÌñWñUnited€States,€and€the€public€faith€are€hereby€solemnly€pleged.ÌÌXIIIñXñ.ñXññYñ€€€€€ñYñ€Every€State€shall€abide€by€the€determination€of€the€ñZñÌñZñUnited€States€in€Congress€assembled,€onÏall€questions€which€by€ñ[ñÌñ[ñthis€confederation€are€submitted€to€them.€And€the€Articles€of€ñ\ñÌñ\ñthisÏConfederation€shall€be€inviolably€observed€by€every€State,€ñ]ñÌñ]ñand€the€Union€shall€be€perpetual;€norÏshall€any€alteration€at€ñ^ñÌñ^ñany€time€hereafter€be€made€in€any€of€them;€unless€such€ñ_ñÌñ_ñalteration€be€agreedÏto€in€a€Congress€of€the€United€States,€ñ`ñÌñ`ñand€be€afterwards€confirmed€by€the€legislatures€of€everyÏState.ñañÌñaññbñÌñbñÌAnd€Whereas€it€hath€pleased€the€Great€Governor€of€the€World€to€ñcñÌñcñincline€the€hearts€of€theñdñÏñdññeñÏñeñlegislatures€we€respectively€represent€ñfñÌñfñin€Congress,€to€approve€of,€and€to€authorize€us€to€ratify€the€Ìsaid€Articles€of€Confederation€and€perpetual€Union.€Know€Ye€that€ñgñÌñgñwe€the€undersigned€delegates,Ïby€virtue€of€the€power€and€ñhñÌñhñauthority€to€us€given€for€that€purpose,€do€by€these€presents,€ñiñÌñiñin€theÏname€and€in€behalf€of€our€respective€constituents,€fully€ñjñÌñjñand€entirely€ratify€and€confirm€each€andÏevery€of€the€said€ñkñÌñkñArticles€of€Confederation€and€perpetual€Union,€and€all€and€ñlñÌñlñsingular€the€mattersÏand€things€therein€contained:€And€we€do€ñmñÌñmñfurther€solemnly€plight€and€engage€the€faith€of€ourñnñÏñnññoñÏñoñrespective€ñpñÌñpññqñ€ñqñconstituents,€that€they€shall€abide€by€the€determinations€of€ñrñÌñrñthe€United€States€inÏCongress€assembled,€on€all€questions,€which€ñsñÌñsñby€the€said€Confederation€are€submitted€to€them.ÏAnd€that€the€ñtñÌñtñArticles€thereof€shall€be€inviolably€observed€by€the€States€we€ñuñÌñuñrespectively€represent,Ïand€that€the€Union€shall€be€perpetual.ÌÌIn€Witness€whereof€we€have€hereunto€set€our€hands€in€Congress.€ñvñÌñvñDone€at€Philadelphia€in€the€StateÏof€Pennsylvania€the€ninth€day€ñwñÌñwñof€July€in€the€Year€of€our€Lord€One€Thousand€Seven€Hundred€and€ÌSeventy-Eight,€and€in€the€Third€Year€of€the€independence€ñ{ñofñ{ññ|ñof€ñ|ññyñÏñyññ{ññzñÏñzññ{ñAmerica.ñxñÌÌñxññ~ñ------------------------------------ñ~ñÌÌAgreed€to€by€Congress€15€November€1777ÌIn€force€after€ratification€by€Maryland,€1€March€1781ÌÌ