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ƒ ! ÝÝ ÝÓ ÓÔ ‡ Rê Q X X Ôò òDeclaration€of€the€Rights€of€Man€and€of€the€Citizenó óÔ# † Xz· X Q Rê' # ÔÐ ° ÐÓ ÓÓ ÓApproved€by€the€National€Assembly€of€France,€August€26,€1789ÌÓ Ç ÓÌñ … ñThe€following€document€was€written€by€The€Marquis€de€Lafayette,€with€help€from€hisÌfriend€and€neighbor,€American€envoy€to€France,€Thomas€Jefferson.ñ… ññ | ññw ñÌñw ññ| ññ … ññ} ñ€ñ} ñFrench€King€Louis€XVIÏsigned€this€document,€under€duress,€but€never€intended€toñ… ññ ~ ññw ñÌñw ññ~ ññ … ññ ñ€ñ ñsupport€it.€Indeed,€the€Revolution€inÏFrance€soon€followed,€leading€to€the€tyrannical€rule€of€ñ… ññ € ññw ñÌñw ññ€ ññ ‚ ññ ñ€ñ ññ‚ ññ … ñNapoleanñƒ ñ.ñƒ ññ… ññ „ ñ€Bonaparte.
ñ„ ññ … ñÌñ… ñÌThe€representatives€of€the€French€people,€organized€as€a€National€Assembly,€believing€that€theÌignorance,€neglect,€or€contempt€of€the€rights€of€man€are€the€sole€cause€of€public€calamities€and€ofÏthe€corruption€of€governments,€have€determined€to€set€forth€in€a€solemn€declaration€the€natural,Ïunalienable,€and€sacred€rights€of€man,€in€order€that€this€declaration,€being€constantly€before€allÏthe€members€of€the€Social€body,€shall€remind€them€continually€of€their€rights€and€duties;€in€orderÏthat€the€acts€of€the€legislative€power,€as€well€as€those€of€the€executive€power,€may€be€comparedÏat€any€moment€with€the€objects€and€purposes€of€all€political€institutions€and€may€thus€be€moreÏrespected,€and,€lastly,€in€order€that€the€grievances€of€the€citizens,€based€hereafter€upon€simple€andÏincontestable€principles,€shall€tend€to€the€maintenance€of€the€constitution€and€redound€to€theÏhappiness€of€all.€Therefore€the€National€Assembly€recognizes€and€proclaims,€in€the€presence€andÏunder€the€auspices€of€the€Supreme€Being,€the€following€rights€of€man€and€of€the€citizen:ÌÌò òArticles:ó óÐ d Ð1.€Men€are€born€and€remain€free€and€equal€in€rights.€Social€distinctions€may€be€founded€onlyÌupon€the€general€good.Ì2.€The€aim€of€all€political€association€is€the€preservation€of€the€natural€and€imprescriptibleÌrights€of€man.€These€rights€are€liberty,€property,€security,€and€resistance€to€oppression.Ì3.€The€principle€of€all€sovereignty€resides€essentially€in€the€nation.€No€body€nor€individualÌmay€exercise€any€authority€which€does€not€proceed€directly€from€the€nation.Ì4.€Liberty€consists€in€the€freedom€to€do€everything€which€injures€no€one€else;€hence€theÌexercise€of€the€natural€rights€of€each€man€has€no€limits€except€those€which€assure€to€the€otherÏmembers€of€the€society€the€enjoyment€of€the€same€rights.€These€limits€can€only€be€determined€byÏlaw.Ì5.€Law€can€only€prohibit€such€actions€as€are€hurtful€to€society.€Nothing€may€be€prevented€whichÌis€not€forbidden€by€law,€and€no€one€may€be€forced€to€do€anything€not€provided€for€by€law.Ì6.€Law€is€the€expression€of€the€general€will.€Every€citizen€has€a€right€to€participate€personally,€orÏthrough€his€representative,€in€its€foundation.€It€must€be€the€same€for€all,€whether€it€protects€orÏpunishes.€All€citizens,€being€equal€in€the€eyes€of€the€law,€are€equally€eligible€to€all€dignities€andÏto€all€public€positions€and€occupations,€according€to€their€abilities,€and€without€distinction€exceptÏthat€of€their€virtues€and€talents.Ì7.€No€person€shall€be€accused,€arrested,€or€imprisoned€except€in€the€cases€and€according€to€theÌforms€prescribed€by€law.€Any€one€soliciting,€transmitting,€executing,€or€causing€to€be€executed,Ïany€arbitrary€order,€shall€be€punished.€But€any€citizen€summoned€or€arrested€in€virtue€of€the€lawÏshall€submit€without€delay,€as€resistance€constitutes€an€offense.Ì8.€The€law€shall€provide€for€such€punishments€only€as€are€strictly€and€obviously€necessary,€andÌno€one€shall€suffer€punishment€except€it€be€legally€inflicted€in€virtue€of€a€law€passed€andÏpromulgated€before€the€commission€of€the€offense.Ì9.€As€all€persons€are€held€innocent€until€they€shall€have€been€declared€guilty,€if€arrest€shallÌbe€deemed€indispensable,€all€harshness€not€essential€to€the€securing€of€the€prisoner's€person€shallÏbe€severely€repressed€by€law.Ð d-´(+ Ð10.€No€one€shall€be€disquieted€on€account€of€his€opinions,€including€his€religious€views,Ìprovided€their€manifestation€does€not€disturb€the€public€order€established€by€law.Ì11.€The€free€communication€of€ideas€and€opinions€is€one€of€the€most€precious€of€the€rights€ofÌman.€Every€citizen€may,€accordingly,€speak,€write,€and€print€with€freedom,€but€shall€beÏresponsible€for€such€abuses€of€this€freedom€as€shall€be€defined€by€law.Ì12.€The€security€of€the€rights€of€man€and€of€the€citizen€requires€public€military€forces.€TheseÌforces€are,€therefore,€established€for€the€good€of€all€and€not€for€the€personal€advantage€of€those€toÏwhom€they€shall€be€intrusted.Ì13.€A€common€contribution€is€essential€for€the€maintenance€of€the€public€forces€and€for€theÌcost€of€administration.€This€should€be€equitably€distributed€among€all€the€citizens€in€proportionÏto€their€means.Ì14.€All€the€citizens€have€a€right€to€decide,€either€personally€or€by€their€representatives,€asÌto€the€necessity€of€the€public€contribution;€to€grant€this€freely;€to€know€to€what€uses€it€is€put;€andÏto€fix€the€proportion,€the€mode€of€assessment€and€of€collection€and€the€duration€of€the€taxes.Ì15.€Society€has€the€right€to€require€of€every€public€agent€an€account€of€his€administration.Ì16.€A€society€in€which€the€observance€of€the€law€is€not€assured,€nor€the€separation€of€powersÌdefined,€has€no€constitution€at€all.ñ m ññm ñÌñ n ññn ñ17.€Since€property€is€an€inviolable€and€sacred€right,€no€one€shall€be€deprived€thereof€exceptÌwhere€public€necessity,€legally€determined,€shall€clearly€demand€it,€and€Ìthen€only€on€condition€that€the€owner€shall€have€been€previously€and€equitably€indemnified.ñ o ñ
ño ñÌñ p ññp ñÌñ q ññq ññ s ññr ñNote€„€ñr ññs ññ u ññt ñBackground€ñt ññu ññ v ñThe€above€document€was€written€by€The€Marquis€de€Lafayette,€with€help€from€hisÌfriend€and€neighbor,€American€envoy€to€France,€Thomas€Jefferson.€Lafayette,€you€may€recall,Ïhad€Ìcome€to€the€Colonies€at€age€19,€been€commissioned€a€Major€General,€and€was€instrumental€in€theÌdefeat€of€the€British€during€the€American€Revolutionary€War.€He€considered€one€Ìspecial€man€his€'father':€George€Washington.
ÌFrench€King€Louis€XVI€signed€this€document,€under€duress,€but€neverÏintended€toÌsupport€it.€Indeed,€the€Revolution€in€France€soon€followed,€leading€to€the€tyrannical€rule€of€ÌNapolean€Bonaparte.
ñv ñÌ